Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state Useful information: Professional dissertation writing service will provide you with high-quality papers from Ph.D. writers. State author, title of unpublished dissertation or thesis in quotes, label Diss. or MA thesis, name of university, and year. Elmendorf, James. “The Military and the Mall: Society and Culture in Long Beach, California.”
The Truth About Gender and Math - Sociological Images
Torrey went on to discuss correlations between data on exposure to oocysts from cat feces and documented problems with both learning and decision-making, thesis marriage phd comics. People who thesis marriage phd comics been the cause of auto accidents are more likely to have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The finding has led researchers to wonder what effects this parasite might have on human brains. Scientists estimate that between 60 and million feral cats roam the United States.
A recent letter writer claimed cats are the 'answer to New Orleans' rat problem,' but science says otherwise A recent letter to the editor at NOLA, thesis marriage phd comics. com Thesis marriage phd comics Times-Picayune claimed cats are the "answer to New Orleans' rat problem," and suggested increasing their local numbers. Scientific studies, however, say otherwise, thesis marriage phd comics.
Feral, free-roaming cats have been documented by dozens of studies to be indiscriminate killers of wildlife and the cause of at least 63 species extinctions, according to a analysis of invasive species impacts. But while the evidence of their hunting prowess is overwhelming, there is little proof that cats are effective at controlling urban rats, which studies have shown are not their primary prey.
Many Americans support programs to protect wild cats in our midst, thesis marriage phd comics. Here's what science has to say about why we love a species that might be making us sick. In our current age, termed the 6th mass extinction by ecologists, we are losing biodiversity faster than ever — between 10 and times faster, scientists estimate.
Our support of feral cats, tenacious or tacit, might be among the worst ways humans contribute to this problem. A study by the U. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute found that free-ranging, domestic cats mostly unowned are the single largest human-caused threat to wildlife.
A review of wildlife crises on islands determined that cats helped cause the decline or extinction of species of songbirds, parrots, seabirds and penguins; 25 species of reptiles and 27 species of mammals, including a lemur and a bat. That hurts biodiversity, which has been shown to play thesis marriage phd comics role in food security, the control of infectious disease thesis marriage phd comics successful adaptation to climate change.
Cats are what scientists call "surplus killers," meaning they kill more prey than they eat. Surplus killing depletes the overall food supply and creates an excess of material for scavenger species, which can transmit diseases from feeding on carcasses, scientists say. Honey badgers, bears, dogs, orcas and other animals also engage in surplus killing. But feral cats are the primary surplus killers in urban environments, while rats are a common urban scavenger.
This means that kills by thesis marriage phd comics cats may directly benefit rats. Scientists at the University of Georgia and The National Geographic Society put cameras on 55 outdoor cats and recorded their activities for seven to 10 days. They thesis marriage phd comics that a third of these cats averaged about two kills per week, and the cats left nearly half of their prey uneaten.
The scientists estimated -- based on a conservative tally of 84 million outdoor cats in the country -- that nearly 1. Cats kept primarily indoors were not considered to be part of the problem. Scientists at the U. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute determined that feral cats kill more wildlife than other human-caused threats including poisoning, vehicles, and collisions with buildings, though a separate U. Fish and Wildlife fact sheet also lists habitat loss as a major cause of songbird decline.
Referring to a study that evaluated the impacts of invasive predators, Kauskik Narasimhan, a New Orleans resident and PhD student in Ecology at Tulane University, said he found it "astounding that cats have been linked to 63 extinctions, 40 of which are birds.
Cats are able to hear higher-pitched sounds than dogs, which scientists say may be an adaptation for hunting very small rodents. By tracking cat kills in mainland areas, scientists found that, after the American Robin, thesis marriage phd comics, the animals most at risk from cats were mice, shrews, voles, squirrels and rabbits. Another study of feral cat kills on islands found that rabbits made up 73 percent of their prey, followed thesis marriage phd comics house mice and birds.
Rats did not make either list. A June 11th letter to the editor published at NOLA. As for how effective the cats were at controlling rats onboard these ships?
Science has helped uncover a lot of facts since the s, and that cats are great at keeping rats out of your food is not one of them. Mice, sure, thesis marriage phd comics, but not rats. Nineteenth-century London had an abundance of both cats and rats. So, thesis marriage phd comics, naturally, rat baiting became a popular sport, thesis marriage phd comics which a man or animal was pitted against hundreds of rats while spectators watched.
The record of rat kills was set in by Jacko, a pound bull terrier who killed rats in just 5 minutes, 28 seconds. Birds and bats are major consumers of mosquitos. Some songbirds eat up to insects per day in summer months.
By taking out birds and bats, feral cats may contribute to increased rates of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases like Zika, West Nile Virus, yellow fever and malaria which scientists say could be coming soon to New Orleans and other southern U. Cats also take out reptiles and amphibians that consume a variety of small insects. A study published in June in the journal Wildlife Research calculated that feral and owned outdoor cats kill million reptiles in Australia every year, thesis marriage phd comics, with the remains of 40 reptiles found in the stomach of a single outdoor cat.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention name cats as the single greatest source of rabies risk to humans in the United States, with dogs as the largest source of rabies infections worldwide. Since there has only been one Louisiana case of rabies in humans reported by the CDC, and only 23 cases throughout the U.
This low infection rate is maintained through efforts to observe or thesis marriage phd comics hundreds of thousands of feral animals every year and administer post-exposure medication to between 30, and 60, thesis marriage phd comics, people. The Louisiana Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SPCA currently has funding that covers rabies vaccinations for feral cats that are trapped and brought into the shelter by residents. According to records from the American Bird Conservancy, three out of four outdoor cats carry the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is in the same family as the malaria parasite.
gondii is transmitted to warm-blooded hosts, including humans, through contact with cat feces or by ingesting undercooked meat, thesis marriage phd comics. Toxoplasmosis, the resulting infection, has been linked to deafness, thesis marriage phd comics, schizophrenia and other diseases.
In the United States, 1. Millions of others experience only very mild symptoms — and scientists say reasons for these differences are not yet fully understood. Sara Dawdy, feral cat coordinator at the Louisiana SPCA, works with individuals worried about T. gondii exposure to keep cats out of gardens by setting up chopstick barriers and building outdoor litter boxes to encourage feral cats to confine their feces to these areas. Dawdy says thesis marriage phd comics are more likely to contract Toxoplasmosis from undercooked meat, pork I think, than from cats.
He added that oocysts, the infectious agents shed in cat poop, are hard to kill and remain active in the soil for many years in warm climates like New Orleans. He was lead author on a study that estimated the annual environmental deposit of cat feces in the U. Pregnant women have been advised to avoid interacting with cat poop for decades. He broke away from colleagues in his conclusion that environmental factors, rather than genetics, are a large determinant of who develops the disease.
Determining a causal link for a rare disease with so many variables is statistically complex — because there are so few examples to weigh against many possible causes. But Torrey said the correlative evidence is shocking. People who have been thecause of auto accidentsare more likely to have antibodies toToxoplasma gondii. She councils people caring for feral cats to leave food out only during the morning to avoid supporting nocturnal rats, raccoons or possums. Animal shelters nationwide are overflowing with feral cats, limiting their abilities to care for the animals they have.
According to wildlife biologist Tessie Offner, feral cats are sometimes released from shelters to make room for other animals, which can create a false impression that the cat problem is being managed. In theory, by limiting cat reproduction, these programs reduce the growth of feral populations without having to euthanize any kitties.
But some scientific studies raise questions about the effectiveness of these programs to reduce populations. A review of research-to-date in the journal Zoonoses and Public Health noted that TNR programs sometimes caused increased immigration thesis marriage phd comics dominant cats into areas left undefended by less territorial neutered-and-released cats, leading to a higher density of feral populations and greater risk of disease transmission.
A separate review of research-to-date published in The Wildlife Professional concluded that TNR efforts often make matters worse by giving the appearance of community action while failing to reduce cat populations or predation on wildlife. A year study of feral cats in California and thesis marriage phd comics 6-year study of feral cats in Florida concluded that, to overcome the rate at which new kittens are born into the population, between 71 and 94 percent of outdoor cats would need to be sterilized.
Countering that, SPCA's Dawdy pointed to studies in Florida, thesis marriage phd comics, Australia and Rome that have achieved sterilization rates of up to 70 percent and seen declines in feral populations. However, thesis marriage phd comics, a analysis by researchers at the University of Maryland and the University of Guelph, estimated that typical sterilization rates in feral cat populations subjected to TNR range between 0. Thesis marriage phd comics Gardner is a Research Coordinator at the University of Florida, a former wildlife rehabilitation professional and a self-professed "crazy cat lady who loves her indoor cats.
Dawdy said trap-neuter-release programs still outperform local cat removal efforts. Thesis research at the University of North Carolina in supported Dawdy's assertion that removing and euthanizing feral cats at local scales is only a temporary fix. But saying that removal doesn't work isn't the same as proving TNR does, thesis marriage phd comics. In the same study, a simulated TNR model did control feral numbers, but only once it reached a sterilization rate of 75 to 80 percent.
Meanwhile, ethical debates continue about the higher incidence of injury, parasites, disease, exposure, malnutrition and vehicle collisions among outdoor cats, raising questions about the benefits of returning feral cats to a life on the streets. Of the feral kittens in the UNC thesis, 75 percent did not make it past six months, with trauma as the leading cause of death.
Decades of research calls for greater measures to control feral cats, thesis marriage phd comics. Meanwhile, evidence that cats can control rat populations or can be controlled by trap-neuter-release programs is lacking.
Scientists suspect the disconnect between the public perception and the reality of the risk derives from our emotional attachment to cats. But frankly, I told my daughter not to get a cat for my grandchildren. Despite our love for cats, they still exhibit little evidence of domestication, with only small changes from their ancestor in diet and behaviors. While dogs do get sick, "whatever we might get from dogs, we got a long time ago," he said.
The Wildlife Professional review recommended discontinuing legal and financial support for ineffective trap-neuter-release programs, which may worsen the problem by perpetuating the notion that cats can be sustainably allowed outdoors.
A scientist in Australia recently argued that total eradication of feral cats will be necessary to protect biodiversity. Still, many hate to see their feral, furry, feline friends go. The debate about ethical control and animal welfare is complex and unsettling. Peter Monte, a wildlife ecologist now based in Florida who has worked in animal welfare and shelter medicine for a dozen years thinks the problem of outdoor cats thesis marriage phd comics more serious than most people are aware, thesis marriage phd comics.
Your indoor cat is probably innocent when it comes to the risks outdoor cats pose for wildlife and human health. If you are determined to let your outdoor cat roam, putting a bell around its neck can decrease, but not eliminate, its thesis marriage phd comics success, experts say. Torrey adds that the risk to human health from indoor cats is low, and primarily limited to childhood.
Keeping an indoor cat may infuse your home with a feline pheromone that discourages vermin from hanging around, Torrey said. For all the dreary, failed attempts at feral control on the mainland, outdoor cats in Hawaii may have found their haven.
Who owns your data? (Hint: It's not you)
, time: 5:18The Kibitzer's Cafe - Chess Discussion Forum
Mar 07, · New data about the science aptitude of boys and girls around the world inspires me to re-post this discussion from Math ability, in some societies, is gendered. That is, many people believe that boys and men are better at math than girls and women and, further, that this difference is biological (hormonal, neurological, or somehow encoded on the Y chromosome) We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more Jul 03, · Referring to a study that evaluated the impacts of invasive predators, Kauskik Narasimhan, a New Orleans resident and PhD student in Ecology at Tulane University, said he found it
No comments:
Post a Comment