May 25, · Locke’s short discussion in Book II, chap. XX of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding () treats eleven; whereas Hume’s Treatise and “Dissertation on the Passions” () described about ten broad passions, as well as numerous sub-species and adjuncts, even before turning to the moral or aesthetic sentiments. This tendency is not handbook of child psychology vol1 Theoretical Models of Human Development. Yassel Flores. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Read Paper. handbook of child psychology vol1 Theoretical Models of Human Development Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration (within a single country) is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally
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Early modern philosophy in Europe and Great Britain is awash with discussions of the emotions: they figure not only in philosophical psychology and related fields, but also in theories of epistemic method, metaphysics, ethics, political theory and practical reasoning in general.
Moreover, interest in the emotions links philosophy with work in other, sometimes unexpected areas, such as medicine, art, literature, and practical guides on everything from child-rearing to human development theories essay treatment of subordinates. Because of the breadth of the topic, human development theories essay, this article can offer only an overview, but perhaps it will be enough to give some idea how philosophically rich and challenging the conception of the emotions was in this period.
Most attention will be devoted to the familiar figures of early modern philosophy and how they conceived of the emotions as valuable, human development theories essay, even indispensable aspects of embodied human life, which were human development theories essay constitutive of the self and identity that matter to us practically.
A word of caution is in order: there is a plethora of source material, and this entry is offered as a survey for organizing that material. Alas, much worthy material must be excluded here. This human development theories essay and its supplements are designed for readers browsing for specific information, as well as those hardy souls who may wish to read it straight through, human development theories essay.
The main document offers a thematic overview of early modern discussions of the emotions. Separate links lead to documents devoted to the pre-history of the topic, as well as to some human development theories essay the most important individual figures in early modern philosophy.
Even recognizing some early modern writings on the emotions for what they are is no easy task. In part, this is due to diverging and rapidly changing vocabularies for talking about the emotions, human development theories essay.
In general, early modern philosophers tended to prefer their emotions calm, but took turbulence to mark only certain kinds of passions. Another difficulty arises from the seemingly ambivalent nature early modern philosophers granted to the emotions. Early modern discussions of the emotions are deeply indebted to earlier sources. Aristotle was particularly important much more so than Platoinfluencing early modern theories both directly and through Stoic, medical, Ciceronian, and Scholastic approaches especially that of Aquinas.
Stoicism, likewise, human development theories essay, was transmitted both from Latin authors and from the neo-Stoic revival of the 16 th century represented, e. As in other areas of philosophy, however, those sources met a mixed reception. But starting with Descartes, some of the most famous early modern philosophers soundly rejected these and other points. Similarly, even those thinkers who seem to owe the most to Stoicism human development theories essay. Different sorts of criticism proceeded from thinkers such as Pascal and Malebranche who borrowed from Augustine a sense of human insufficiency for virtue and happiness that put them at odds with Stoic, Skeptical and Epicurean ideals of the autonomous life of the sage.
And many aspects of the systematic treatments of Aquinas and later Scholastic authors were both maintained and attacked, often by the same authors. Other ancient sources were also important, even when they were subject to less discussion or criticism. The theory of the humors and animal spirits of the Hippocratic and Galenist medical traditions offered much of the basic vocabulary for early modern discussions of the physiology of the emotions.
Rhetorical works, such as those by Aristotle and Cicero, human development theories essay, provided a great deal of material for taxonomizing and manipulating the emotions. Indeed, some of the distinctive early modern practice of generating long lists of emotions, as well as many of the forms of classification, can be traced to these sources. Popular treatises, such as those by Juan Luis Vives, received a number of mentions.
The very vocabulary available to early modern theorists is marked by their historical legacy. Debates about whether to classify emotions among appetites, judgments, or volitions originated in the models of Aristotle, the Stoics and Augustine, while Descartes inaugurated the trend of counting them among perceptions.
Early modern associations between the emotions and the body also owed an enormous amount to ancient and medieval sources, as did views connecting emotions with motives for action. Such connections often underlay the long-running debate inherited by the early moderns about the epistemic, eudaimonistic and ethical value of the emotions, a central issue of which is the degree to which we can manage and control our emotions.
Although the assessments of pre-modern theorists varied enormously, there was a generally positive view of human development theories essay emotions. This evaluation was shared by many seventeenth and eighteenth-century philosophers, who often played up the holistic functionality of such emotions.
For a more detailed discussion on the philosophical background as it was received by early modern philosophers, see the supplement on. Pretty much every philosopher of the early modern period developed distinctive terms human development theories essay art for discussing the emotions.
Still, some vocabulary was general currency. In doing so, he may have followed the practice of the Abbé Dubos in his Critical Reflections on Poetry and on Painting [ Réflexions critiques sur la poësie et sur la peinture ].
Nonetheless, the term entered into philosophical human development theories essay, such that two decades later, Smith titled his major work The Theory of the Moral Sentiments Indeed, the contrast between passion and sentiment was not confined to philosophy.
The developments in vocabulary took place against a background of shared associations and assumptions about the emotions. Emotions were also often characterized through feelings of either pleasure or pain.
At the same time, emotions were typically assumed to have directions to causes of pleasure, or from causes of pain and to provide motives for action. Given this cluster, philosophers often emphasized one or another of the features associated with the emotions.
Although no philosophical questions were settled by word choice alone, the preferred vocabulary can reveal much about the choice of emphasis. Still, it is worth bearing in mind that the available vocabulary may not fully capture what we now think of as emotion, affect, or mood. Seventeenth-century accounts are rife with long inventories of emotions, although the list-making urge seems to have dampened a bit by the eighteenth century, with many fewer authors pretending to exhaustive catalogues.
Compared to his contemporaries, Descartes looks temperate with a docket of a mere six simple passions, although he also constructed a host of complex ones out of these six.
Hobbes offered a list of about thirty in the Leviathanand more than twenty-five in The Elements of Law ms. The head count for Spinoza is a bit trickier to determine, but the third book of his Ethics ms. This tendency is not simply found among the great early modern systems-builders. In the seventeenth century in particular, just about everybody and their maiden aunt and bachelor uncle seems to have joined in the hunt for new and distinctive lists of emotions.
A short play ofPathomachia; or the Battel of Affectionseven makes proper taxonomy the motor of what little drama it possesses.
The proliferation of lists can be at least partly explained by the proliferation of schemes of classification. Again, human development theories essay, the attention to principles of classification is most marked in the seventeenth-century theorists, in part because of the taxonomic connections they saw between the treatment of the human development theories essay and their scientific ambitions in other areas, and in part because of the attacks launched against the systems of previous, e.
But making his case required constructing an alternative classification more in accord with his reformist account of the soul and its faculties. Despite the human development theories essay of those on the cutting edge of passion theory, however, the Aquinian distinction remained a commonplace bit of early modern folk psychology, as we can see in Wright, Burton, human development theories essay, and even Henry More. Then too, many early modern authors borrowed, and borrowed heavily, from Stoic and Thomist classifications.
after ; see Gardiner Many time-honored principles of classification clearly decreased in importance during the early modern period.
In particular, the possibility of psychic conflict, especially that which could generate competing motives for action, had been a common device in ancient and medieval theories for distinguishing among passions, kinds of passions, and faculties of the soul in general.
This principle played some role for Descartes in distinguishing between movements coming from the body and those originating in the soul, human development theories essay, and it was deployed sporadically by other theorists. But the practice died out over the course of the two centuries, as theorists came to recognize the possibility that a single, or similar, emotional source might produce conflicting motions or tendencies, both in the individual and across societies.
Indeed, some emotions were characterized exactly by such conflict or turbulence, human development theories essay. A somewhat happier case is the emotions generated human development theories essay tragedy, as explained by philosophers from Malebranche to Hume.
Perhaps the most basic division in play is evaluative, i. This was hardly an innovation. But early modern philosophers came to understand that division in two different ways — either an emotion is directed at good or evil as an object, or the emotion itself is affectively good or bad, pleasurable or painful.
Many distinctively modern theories subsumed the former under the latter: both the naturalistic theories of Hobbes and Spinoza, on the one hand, and the moral sense theories of Hutcheson and Hume, on the other, human development theories essay, held that we project the value of the object from the affective quality of the emotion, although Hume allows for complications in how we experience the valences of a passion as belonging to self or other, using such mechanisms as sympathy and comparison.
Some philosophers singled out a particular passion, or group of passions, to head off their taxonomies. In rather different ways, that was human development theories essay role of wonder for Descartes, and of glory for Hobbes see Schmitter Malebranche took there to be an irreducible element of love in every passion. An even more common organizing device was to divide the passions into simple and complex.
Not only did this impose a manageable order on the many recognized passions, it allowed explanation to be focused on the simplest cases, with the expectation that other emotions would fall into line, either as compounds, offspring, or species of the simples. The simple passions themselves were organized into contrasting groups, based on their evaluative character. Schemes of this kind can be found in Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza, Thomas Wright, and to a lesser extent, Hume. Many other forms of classification were tied closely to the particular interests of individual authors.
This is particularly the case with those eighteenth-century British authors who argued against Hobbes as they understood him and Mandeville that the very possibility of morality requires that we be capable of human development theories essay benevolent emotions.
For this reason, distinctions between self-directed and other-directed emotions and between anti-social and sociable emotions were a common point of organization and contention.
Similar concerns also generated a distinction between idiosyncratic affects and emotions that could be cultivated to be broadly shared; in particular, emotions were often divided into the raw and immediate and those that involve an element of reflection.
This distinction lent itself also to those philosophers concerned with the historical and social development of humans, as evident in many works of Rousseau. For instance, the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality presents a kind of natural history human development theories essay the genesis of many emotions through changes in social structure; works such as EmileLa Nouvelle Heloiseand the Confessions treat the affective maturation and socialization of individuals, as well as the management and effects of the emotions.
But for all his genealogical concerns, Rousseau, and indeed many other eighteenth-century authors, showed a good deal less interest in taxonomizing the emotions according to principled systems than did their predecessors.
Few areas of early modern philosophy remained untouched by at least some theory of the emotions. What follows is simply a cursory overview of some issues of general interest. But since early modern understandings of the emotions often made unexpected connections between diverse areas of philosophy, we may find that investigation reshapes our map of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophy.
Certainly, the understanding of the emotions produced in one area of philosophy was not isolated from their treatment in other areas. That is true of how the emotions figured in much of seventeenth-century metaphysics. Locating the emotions within their distinctive ontologies was an important, but sometimes challenging task for philosophers such as Descartes, Malebranche, and Spinoza.
In doing so, they often tapped a broad metaphysical distinction between the active and the passive, which sometimes supported, and sometimes undermined those ontologies see James The emotions were also important in accounts of personal identity, whether that is understood ontologically in the cases of Descartes and Spinoza, or psychologically in the case of Hume.
Theories of the emotions played a role — often a pivotal one — in the important early modern debates about causation and the proper forms of explanation. As part of their embrace of the new science, many seventeenth century philosophers considered the emotions to be susceptible, at human development theories essay in part, to mechanical explanation.
Although Descartes offered a teleological defense of our propensities to experience emotions, his account of their physiological underpinnings is mechanistic. Malebranche too considered the functions of the emotions and the way in which human development theories essay functioning has been corrupted, human development theories essay, but emphasized that the emotions are communicated through strictly mechanical operations.
Hobbes and Spinoza went yet further, rejecting any talk of final causation in order to treat the behavior of the emotions as completely continuous with bodily movements, and indeed reducing the appearance of goal-driven behavior to the motions of the passions. In contrast, Shaftesbury criticized Locke and Descartes for failing to appreciate the natural teleology of our emotional constitution, and dismissed all physiological accounts as beside the point.
Many other British philosophers showed less interest in the metaphysics of explanation and more in defending an human development theories essay account of the origins of our ideas. But the rejection of innate ideas often drove them to focus explanations of the emotions on the hydraulics by which pains and pleasures push our ideas.
As we might expect, emotions loomed large in the philosophical psychology of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. One question addressed by almost every philosopher was where to locate the emotions in our psychological equipment.
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Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration (within a single country) is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally At our cheap essay writing service, you can be sure to get credible academic aid for a reasonable price, as the name of our website suggests. For years, we have been providing online custom writing assistance to students from countries all over the world, including the US, the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, New Zealand, China, and Japan handbook of child psychology vol1 Theoretical Models of Human Development. Yassel Flores. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Read Paper. handbook of child psychology vol1 Theoretical Models of Human Development
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